Impamvu ifiriti zigezweho zishyushye cyane

Uko transistors za nanoscale zihinduka ku gipimo cya gigahertz, electrons zihuta mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi zikabura ingufu nk'ubushyuhe—ubushyuhe nk'ubwo wumva iyo mudasobwa igendanwa cyangwa telefoni ishyushye nabi. Gushyira transistors nyinshi kuri chip bitanga umwanya muto wo gukuraho ubwo bushyuhe. Aho gukwirakwira neza binyuze muri silicon, ubushyuhe bwiyongera mu bice bishobora gushyuha cyane kurusha uturere tuyikikije. Kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika no gutakaza imikorere, sisitemu zigabanya CPU na GPU iyo ubushyuhe bwiyongera.

Uburemere bw'ikibazo cy'ubushyuhe

Icyatangiye ari isiganwa ryo gutonda ibintu byahindutse intambara y’ubushyuhe mu bikoresho byose by’ikoranabuhanga. Mu bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga, imikorere ikomeza kuzamura ubucucike bw’ingufu (seriveri ku giti cyazo zishobora gukurura kilowatts icumi). Mu itumanaho, imiyoboro ya digitale na analog isaba ingufu nyinshi za transistor kugira ngo habeho ibimenyetso bikomeye n’amakuru yihuta. Mu bijyanye n’ingufu za elegitoroniki, imikorere myiza irushaho kugabanuka bitewe n’inzitizi z’ubushyuhe.

Ingamba zitandukanye: gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe imbere muri chip

Aho kureka ubushyuhe bukiyongera, igitekerezo cyiza ni ukugeragezakuvangamu gice ubwacyo—nk'uko usuka igikombe cy'amazi abira muri pisine. Iyo ubushyuhe bukwirakwiriye aho bwakorewe, ibikoresho bishyushye bikomeza gukonja kandi ibikoresho bisanzwe bikonjesha (udukoresho dushyushya, abafana, imiyoboro y'amazi) bikora neza kurushaho. Ibi bisabaibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe bwinshi, bikoresha amashanyaraziyahujwe nanometero gusa zivuye kuri transistors zikora nta guhungabanya imiterere yazo yoroshye. Umukandida utunguranye ahuye n'uyu mushinga:diyama.

Kuki ari diyama?

Diyama iri mu byuma bikoresha ubushyuhe bizwi cyane—ikubye inshuro nyinshi umuringa—mu gihe inaba icyuma gikingira amashanyarazi. Ingorane ni ukwihuza: uburyo busanzwe bwo gukura busaba ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 900 na 1000 °C, ibyo bikaba byangiza imikorere y’amashanyarazi. Iterambere riherutse rigaragaza ko icyuma gito cyanediyama ya polycrystallinefirime (zifite ubugari bwa mikorometero nke gusa) zishobora guhingwa kuriubushyuhe buri hasi cyaneikwiriye ibikoresho byarangiye.

Ibikoresho bikonjesha byo muri iki gihe n'aho bigarukira

Gukonjesha bisanzwe bibanda ku bikoresho byiza byo gushyushya, abafana, n'ibikoresho byo guhuza. Abashakashatsi banasesengura uburyo bwo gukonjesha amazi ya microfluidic, ibikoresho byo guhindura icyiciro, ndetse no gushyira seriveri mu bintu bishyushya kandi bikingira amashanyarazi. Izi ni intambwe z'ingenzi, ariko zishobora kuba nini, zihenze, cyangwa zitajyanye neza n'izishya.Igizwe na 3DImiterere y’udupira tw’imashini, aho ibice byinshi bya silikoni bikora nk’ “skyscraper.” Muri bene ibyo bice, buri gice kigomba gusohora ubushyuhe; bitabaye ibyo ahantu hashyuha cyane hagafatwa imbere.

Uburyo bwo guhinga diyama ikoresha ibikoresho

Diyama ifite ubushyuhe budasanzwe (≈2200–2400 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, hafi inshuro esheshatu z'umuringa). Filimi za polycrystalline zoroshye gukora zishobora kwegera izi gaciro iyo zifite ubunini buhagije—kandi ziracyari nziza kurusha umuringa nubwo zaba zito. Gushyira umwuka mu buryo busanzwe mu binyabutabire bikora methane na hydrogen ku bushyuhe bwinshi, bigatuma habaho nanocolumns za diyama zihagaze nyuma zigahinduka firime; icyo gihe urwego rumaze kuba runini, rufite imbaraga, kandi rushobora kwangirika.
Gukura mu bushyuhe buri hasi bisaba uburyo butandukanye. Gukumira ubushyuhe gusa bitanga ivu ritanga umukungugu aho gukingira diyama.ogisijeniikomeza gusya karuboni itari diyama, bigatumadiyama nini ya polycrystalline kuri ~400 °C, ubushyuhe bujyanye n'imiyoboro igezweho. Kimwe n'ikingenzi, iyi nzira ishobora gutwikira ubuso butambitse gusa ahubwo noinkuta z'impande, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi ku bikoresho bya 3D bisanzwe.

Ubudahangarwa bw'umupaka w'ubushyuhe (TBR): inzitizi ya phonon

Ubushyuhe mu bintu bikomeye butwarwa naamajwi y'amajwi(imitingito ya lattice yapimwe). Ku mbuga zikoresha ibikoresho, fone zishobora kugarura no guteranya, bigatuma habahoUbudahangarwa bw'umupaka w'ubushyuhe (TBR)ibyo bibangamira urujya n'uruza rw'ubushyuhe. Ubuhanga mu by'ikoranabuhanga bugamije kugabanya TBR, ariko amahitamo agengwa n'uburyo semiconductor ikorana. Kuri interineti imwe n'imwe, intermixing ishobora gukora urwego rworoshyekarubide ya silikoni (SiC)urwego ruhuza neza na spectra ya phonon ku mpande zombi, rukora nk' "ikiraro" kandi rugabanya TBR - bityo rukongera uburyo bwo kohereza ubushyuhe buva ku bikoresho bujya muri diyama.

Igikoresho cyo gupimisha: GaN HEMTs (transistors za radio-frequency)

Transistors zifite electron nyinshi (HEMTs) zishingiye ku muyoboro wa gallium nitride ugenzura amashanyarazi muri gaze ya electron ya 2D kandi zihabwa agaciro kubera imikorere ifite imbaraga nyinshi (harimo X-band ≈8–12 GHz na W-band ≈75–110 GHz). Kubera ko ubushyuhe bukorerwa hafi cyane y'ubuso, ni probe nziza y'urwego urwo arirwo rwose rukwirakwiza ubushyuhe. Iyo diyama nto ifunze igikoresho—harimo n'inkuta z'impande—ubushyuhe bw'imiyoboro bwagaragaye ko bugabanukaho~70 °C, hamwe n'impinduka zikomeye mu gice cy'ubushyuhe ku ngufu nyinshi.

Diyama muri CMOS na 3D stacks

Mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho,Guteranya ibintu mu buryo bwa 3Dbyongera ubucucike n'imikorere yabyo ariko bitera imbogamizi mu bushyuhe bw'imbere aho ibikoresho bisanzwe byo hanze bidakora neza. Guhuza diyama na silicon bishobora kongera gutanga umusaruro mwizaInterlayer ya SiC, bitanga uburyo bwo gukoresha ubushyuhe bwiza cyane.
Imwe mu myubakire yatanzwe niikigo cy'ubushyuhe: impapuro za diyama ntoya cyane nk'iy'umusemburo ziri hejuru ya transistors muri dielectric, zihujwe naimiyoboro y'ubushyuhe ihagaze ("inkingi z'ubushyuhe")ikozwe mu muringa cyangwa diyama y'inyongera. Izi nkingi zitwara ubushyuhe kuva ku rwego rumwe kugeza bugeze ku gikonje cyo hanze. Imiterere y'ibikorwa ifatika igaragaza ko inyubako nk'izo zishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bwinshi binyuze mukugeza ku rugero runinimu mirwi y'ibimenyetso by'igitekerezo.

Ibikomeje kugorana

Imbogamizi zikomeye zirimo gukora diyama hejuruimiterere y'atomukugira ngo habeho guhuza neza n'imiyoboro ihuza hejuru na dielectric, hamwe n'uburyo bwo kunoza bityo filime nto zigumana ubwiza bw'ubushyuhe zidashyira imbaraga mu miyoboro iri munsi.

Ishusho

Niba ubu buryo bukomeje gukura,ubushyuhe bwa diyama mu byuma bininibishobora kugabanya cyane ubushyuhe bukabije muri CMOS, RF, n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bitanga ingufu—bigatuma habaho imikorere myiza, kwizerana kurushaho, no guhuza 3D cyane nta bihano bisanzwe by'ubushyuhe.