Amabuye ya safiro ahingwa mu ifu ya alumina ifite ubuziranenge bungana na >99.995%, bigatuma aba ahantu hakenewe cyane kuri alumina ifite ubuziranenge bungana na. Agaragaza imbaraga nyinshi, ubukana bwinshi, n'imiterere ihamye ya shimi, bigatuma ashobora gukorera ahantu habi nko mu bushyuhe bwinshi, ingese, n'ingaruka. Akoreshwa cyane mu kurinda igihugu, ikoranabuhanga rya gisivili, ikoranabuhanga riciriritse, n'ahandi.
Kuva ku ifu ya alumina ifite isuku nyinshi kugeza ku makristaro ya safiro
1. Ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi rya Safira
Mu rwego rw'ingabo, kristu za safiro zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu madirishya ya infrared ya misile. Intambara za none zisaba ubuhanga buhanitse muri misile, kandi idirishya rya infrared optique ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo ibi bisabwa bigerweho. Ukurikije ko misile zigira ubushyuhe bwinshi mu kirere n'ingaruka zayo mu gihe cyo kuguruka cyane, hamwe n'ahantu hakomeye ho kurwana, radome igomba kuba ifite imbaraga nyinshi, ihangana n'ingaruka, kandi ikaba ishobora kwihanganira isuri iterwa n'umucanga, imvura, n'ibindi bihe bikomeye by'ikirere. kristu za safiro, zifite urumuri rwiza, imiterere myiza ya mekanike, n'imiterere ihamye ya shimi, zabaye ibikoresho byiza ku madirishya ya infrared ya misile.
Ibyuma bya LED bigaragaza ikoreshwa rikomeye rya safiro. Amatara ya LED afatwa nk'impinduka ya gatatu nyuma y'amatara akoresha urumuri n'amatara agabanya ingufu. Ihame rya LED rikubiyemo guhindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi mo ingufu z'urumuri. Iyo umuriro unyuze muri semiconductor, imyobo na electron birahurirana, bisohora ingufu zirenze mu buryo bw'urumuri, amaherezo bigatanga urumuri. Ikoranabuhanga rya chip ya LED rishingiye ku byuma bya epitaxial, aho ibikoresho by'umwuka bishyirwa ku gice ku kindi ku gice. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi birimo ibyuma bya silikoni, ibyuma bya silikoni, na safiro. Muri ibyo, ibyuma bya silikoni bitanga inyungu zikomeye kurusha ibindi bibiri, harimo kugumana neza kw'ibikoresho, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutegura ibintu bikuze, kudafata urumuri rugaragara, kohereza urumuri neza, n'igiciro gito. Amakuru agaragaza ko 80% by'ibigo bya LED ku isi bikoresha safiro nk'ibikoresho byabyo.
Uretse ibyo twavuze haruguru, amakristaro ya safiro akoreshwa no mu bikoresho bya telefoni zigendanwa, ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi, imitako y’imitako, ndetse no mu bikoresho by’amadirishya mu bikoresho bitandukanye byo gupima ikoranabuhanga nka lenses na prisms.
2. Ingano y'isoko n'amahirwe
Bitewe n'inkunga ya politiki n'uburyo bwo kwiyongera kw'ikoreshwa rya chips za LED, icyifuzo cy'ibikoresho bya safiro n'ingano yabyo ku isoko byitezwe kugera ku iterambere ry'imibare ibiri. Mu 2025, ingano y'ibikoresho bya safiro biteganijwe ko bizagera ku bice miliyoni 103 (byahinduwemo ibikoresho bya santimetero 4), bingana na 63% ugereranije na 2021, hamwe n'igipimo cy'izamuka ry'umwaka (CAGR) cya 13% kuva 2021 kugeza 2025. Ingano y'isoko ry'ibikoresho bya safiro biteganijwe ko izagera kuri miliyari 8 z'amayero mu 2025, kwiyongera kwa 108% ugereranije na 2021, hamwe n'ikigero cya CAGR cya 20% kuva 2021 kugeza 2025. Nk'"intangiriro" y'ibikoresho, ingano y'isoko n'icyerekezo cy'izamuka rya safiro biragaragara.
3. Gutegura kristu za safiro
Kuva mu 1891, ubwo umufarumasiye w'Umufaransa Verneuil A. yavumburaga uburyo bwo guhuza umuriro kugira ngo hakorwe amabuye y'agaciro y'ubukorikori ku nshuro ya mbere, inyigo y'ikura ry'amabuye y'agaciro ya safiro imaze imyaka irenga ijana. Muri iki gihe, iterambere mu bumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga ryatumye habaho ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku buryo bwo gukura bwa safiro kugira ngo buhuze n'ibyo inganda zikeneye kugira ngo habeho ubwiza bwa kristalo, kunoza ikoreshwa ryayo, no kugabanya ikiguzi cy'umusaruro. Havutse uburyo bushya butandukanye n'ikoranabuhanga ryo guhinga amabuye y'agaciro ya safiro, nka Czochralski method, Kyropoulos method, edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG), na heat exchange method (HEM).
3.1 Uburyo bwa Czochralski bwo guhinga kristu za safiro
Uburyo bwa Czochralski, bwatangijwe na Czochralski J. mu 1918, buzwi kandi nka tekiniki ya Czochralski (mu magambo ahinnye nka Cz method). Mu 1964, Poladino AE na Rotter BD bakoresheje ubu buryo bwa mbere mu guhinga kristu za safiro. Kugeza ubu, bwatanze umubare munini w’utubuye twa safiro twiza cyane. Iri hame rikubiyemo gushongesha ibikoresho fatizo kugira ngo bibe ikintu gishonga, hanyuma binjiza imbuto imwe ya kristu mu buso bushonga. Bitewe n’itandukaniro ry’ubushyuhe ku gice cy’amazi n’ikirahure, habaho gukonjesha cyane, bigatuma gushonga gukomera ku buso bw’imbuto bigatangira gukura kristu imwe ifite imiterere imwe ya kristu n’imbuto. Imbuto ikururwa buhoro buhoro mu gihe izenguruka ku muvuduko runaka. Uko imbuto ikururwa, gushonga buhoro buhoro bikomera ku gice cy’imiterere, bigakora kristu imwe. Ubu buryo, burimo gukurura kristu mu gishonga, ni bumwe mu buryo busanzwe bwo gutegura kristu imwe nziza.
Ibyiza by'uburyo bwa Czochralski birimo: (1) umuvuduko wo gukura vuba, bigatuma habaho kristu imwe nziza mu gihe gito; (2) kristu zikurura ku buso bushongeshejwe zidahuye n'urukuta rw'icyuma, bigabanya neza stress imbere kandi bikongera ubwiza bwa kristu. Ariko, ikibazo gikomeye cy'ubu buryo ni ingorane mu gukura kristu nini, bigatuma zidakwirakwira cyane mu gukora kristu nini.
3.2 Uburyo bwa Kyropoulos bwo guhinga kristu za safiro
Uburyo bwa Kyropoulos, bwavumbuwe na Kyropoulos mu 1926 (buhinnye nka KY), busangiye isano n'uburyo bwa Czochralski. Bukubiyemo kwinika kristu y'imbuto mu buso bushonga hanyuma bugakurura buhoro buhoro hejuru kugira ngo bukore ijosi. Iyo igipimo cyo gukomera ku gice cy'imbuto zishonga kimaze gukomera, imbuto ntiyongera gukururwa cyangwa ngo izunguruke. Ahubwo, igipimo cyo gukonjesha kiragenzurwa kugira ngo kristu imwe ikomeze gukomera buhoro buhoro kuva hejuru kugeza hasi, amaherezo igakora kristu imwe.
Uburyo bwa Kyropoulos butanga kristu zifite ubuziranenge bwo hejuru, ubucucike buke, nini kandi zihendutse ku giciro.
3.3 Uburyo bwo Guhinga Uduce twa Safiro (EFG) mu Guhinga Uduce twa Safiro
Uburyo bwa EFG ni ikoranabuhanga rikoresha imiterere ya kristu. Ihame ryabwo rikubiyemo gushyira ikintu gishongesha cyane mu ibumba. Ibumba rikururwa hejuru y’ibumba binyuze mu gikorwa cya capillary, aho rihura na kristu y’imbuto. Uko imbuto zikururwa n’ibumba rigakomera, havuka kristu imwe. Ingano n’imiterere y’ibumba bigabanya ingano ya kristu. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ubu buryo bufite imbogamizi zimwe na zimwe kandi bukwiriye cyane cyane kristu zifite ishusho ya safiro nk’imiyoboro n’imiterere ifite ishusho ya U.
3.4 Uburyo bwo Guhindura Ubushyuhe (HEM) bwo Guhinga Uduce twa Safiro
Uburyo bwo guhanahana ubushyuhe mu gutegura kristu nini za safiro bwavumbuwe na Fred Schmid na Dennis mu 1967. Sisitemu ya HEM ifite ubushobozi bwo gukingira ubushyuhe, kugenzura ubushyuhe mu buryo bwigenga mu gushonga no mu gikoresho, hamwe no kugenzura neza. Yoroshye gukora kristu za safiro zifite aho zihurira hato kandi nini.
Ibyiza by'uburyo bwa HEM birimo kutagira urujya n'uruza mu cyuma gishyushya, kristu, n'igishyushya mu gihe cyo gukura, bikuraho ibikorwa byo gukurura nk'ibyo mu buryo bwa Kyropoulos na Czochralski. Ibi bigabanya ingaruka mbi z'abantu kandi birinda inenge za kristu ziterwa no kugenda kwa mashini. Byongeye kandi, umuvuduko wo gukonjesha ushobora kugenzurwa kugira ngo ugabanye ubushyuhe n'impinduka za kristu zikomokaho no kwangirika kw'uturemangingo. Ubu buryo butuma kristu nini zigira ikura, biroroshye gukoresha, kandi bufite amahirwe menshi yo gutera imbere.
Dukoresheje ubuhanga bwimbitse mu gukura no gutunganya neza kristu ya safiro, XKH itanga ibisubizo bya safiro byakozwe ku buryo budasanzwe bihuye n’ibikoresho byo kurinda, LED, na optoelectronics. Uretse safiro, dutanga ibikoresho byose bya semiconductor bifite imikorere myiza birimo silicon carbide (SiC), silicon wafers, SiC ceramic components, n'ibicuruzwa bya quartz. Dutanga serivisi nziza, zizewe, kandi zishyigikira tekiniki mu bikoresho byose, dufasha abakiriya kugera ku musaruro mwiza mu bikorwa by’inganda n’ubushakashatsi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-29-2025