Incamake yuzuye y'uburyo bwo gukura bwa siliconi ya monocrystalline

Incamake yuzuye y'uburyo bwo gukura bwa siliconi ya monocrystalline

1. Amavu n'amavuko y'iterambere rya Silicone ya Monocrystalline

Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'ubukene bw'ibicuruzwa bigezweho kandi bikora neza byakomeje gushimangira umwanya w'ingenzi w'inganda zikora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki (IC) mu iterambere ry'igihugu. Nk'inkingi y'ingenzi y'inganda zikora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, silikoni ya monocrystalline ifite uruhare runini mu guteza imbere udushya mu ikoranabuhanga no mu iterambere ry'ubukungu.

Dukurikije amakuru aturuka mu Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry’Inganda z’Ibikoresho by’Ingufu, isoko ry’ibicuruzwa by’ingufu bya semiconductor ku isi ryageze ku gipimo cya miliyari 12.6 z’amadolari y’Amerika, aho ibicuruzwa byazamutse bigera kuri santimetero kare miliyari 14.2. Byongeye kandi, icyifuzo cy’ibicuruzwa bya silicon gikomeje kwiyongera buhoro buhoro.

Ariko, inganda za silikoni ku isi zikora cyane, aho abatanga ibicuruzwa bitanu bya mbere biganjemo 85% by'isoko, nk'uko bigaragara hano hepfo:

• Shin-Etsu Chemical (Ubuyapani)

• SUMCO (Ubuyapani)

• Amafunguro yo mu rwego rw'isi

• Siltronic (Ubudage)

• SK Siltron (Koreya y'Epfo)

Iyi oligopoly ituma Ubushinwa bwishingikiriza cyane ku bicuruzwa bya silikoni bya monocrystalline bitumizwa mu mahanga, byabaye kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bibangamira iterambere ry'inganda zikora ibijyanye n'amashanyarazi mu gihugu.

Kugira ngo dukemure ibibazo biriho ubu mu nganda za silicon monocrystal, gushora imari mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere no gushimangira ubushobozi bw'umusaruro w'imbere mu gihugu ni amahitamo adashobora kwirindwa.

2. Incamake y'ibikoresho bya Silicone bya Monocrystalline

Silikoni ya monocrystalline niyo shingiro ry’inganda zikora uruziga rwagutse. Kugeza ubu, hejuru ya 90% by’udupira twa IC n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bikorwa hakoreshejwe silikoni ya monocrystalline nk’ibikoresho by’ibanze. Ubukene bukabije bwa silikoni ya monocrystalline n’uburyo butandukanye ikoreshwa mu nganda bishobora guterwa n’ibintu byinshi:

1. Umutekano no Kurengera ibidukikije: Silikoli iboneka cyane mu butaka bw'Isi, ntabwo ari uburozi, kandi ntigira ingaruka ku bidukikije.

2. Ubwishingizi bw'amashanyarazi: Silikoni igaragaza ubushobozi bwo gukingira amashanyarazi mu buryo busanzwe, kandi iyo ivuwe n'ubushyuhe, ikora urwego rwo kurinda silicon dioxide, rurinda gutakaza umuriro w'amashanyarazi.

3. Ikoranabuhanga mu Gukura kw'Abakuze: Amateka maremare y'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga mu mikorere yo gukura kwa silikoni yatumye irushaho kuba nziza kurusha ibindi bikoresho bya semiconductor.

Ibi bintu byose hamwe bituma silikoni ikoresha kristali imwe iba ku isonga mu nganda, bigatuma idashobora gusimburwa n'ibindi bikoresho.

Ku bijyanye n'imiterere ya kristu, siliconi imwe ikoze muri atome za siliconi itondetse mu buryo buhindagurika, ikora imiterere ihoraho. Ni yo shingiro ry'inganda zikora chips.

Ishusho ikurikira igaragaza inzira yuzuye yo gutegura silikoni ya monocrystalline:

Incamake y'Ibikorwa:
Silikoni ikozwe muri monocrystalline ikomoka ku mabuye ya silikoni binyuze mu ntambwe nyinshi zo kuyitunganya. Ubwa mbere, silikoni ikozwe muri polycrystalline iraboneka, hanyuma igakura ikaba ingot ya silikoni ikozwe muri monocrystalline mu itanura rikuramo kristu. Nyuma, iracibwa, igasukurwa, hanyuma igatunganywamo utubumbe twa silikoni tubereye gukoramo chips.

Ubusanzwe, utugati twa silikoni tugabanyijemo ibice bibiri:urwego rwa photovoltaicnaurwego rwa semiconductorUbwo bwoko bubiri butandukanye cyane cyane mu miterere yabwo, ubuziranenge, n'ubwiza bw'ubuso bwabwo.

• Wafer zo mu rwego rwa semiconductorbifite ubuziranenge budasanzwe bugera kuri 99.999999999%, kandi bisabwa cyane kuba bifite ibara rimwe rya monocrystalline.

• Udupira tw'ingufu twa photovoltaicntabwo ari nziza cyane, aho urwego rw'ubuziranenge ruri hagati ya 99.99% na 99.9999%, kandi ntabwo rufite ibisabwa bikomeye kugira ngo rugire ubuziranenge bwa kristale.

Byongeye kandi, wafer zo mu rwego rwa semiconductor zisaba ubuziranenge n'isuku biri hejuru kurusha wafer zo mu rwego rwa photovoltaic. Ibipimo byo hejuru bya wafer zo mu rwego rwa semiconductor byongera uburyo bwo kuzitegura ndetse n'agaciro kazo mu kuzikoresha.

Imbonerahamwe ikurikira igaragaza iterambere ry’imiterere ya wafer ya semiconductor, yiyongereye kuva kuri wafer ya mbere ya santimetero 100 na santimetero 150 kugeza kuri wafer ya santimetero 200 na santimetero 300.

Mu gutegura monocrystal ya silikoni, ingano ya wafer iratandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ikoreshwa n'ikiguzi. Urugero, utumashini twa memory chips dukunze gukoresha wafers za santimetero 12, mu gihe ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi akenshi bikoresha wafers za santimetero 20.

Muri make, iterambere ry’ingano ya wafer ni ingaruka za Moore's Law ndetse n’ubukungu. Ingano nini ya wafer ituma agace ka silikoni gakoreshwa neza gakura mu buryo bumwe bwo gutunganya, bigabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora ariko bigagabanya imyanda iva ku nkengero za wafer.

Nk'ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rya none, ibyuma bya silikoni bya semiconductor, binyuze mu nzira zinoze nka photolithography na ion implantation, bituma habaho ibikoresho bitandukanye by'ikoranabuhanga, harimo ibyuma bihindura ingufu nyinshi, transistors, transistors bipolar junction, n'ibikoresho byo guhinduranya. Ibi bikoresho bigira uruhare runini mu nzego nka artificial intelligence, itumanaho rya 5G, ikoranabuhanga ry'imodoka, interineti y'ibintu, n'ikirere, bikaba ari inkingi y'iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'igihugu n'udushya mu ikoranabuhanga.

3. Ikoranabuhanga ryo Gukura rya Silicone Ifite Umucyo

ItsindaUburyo bwa Czochralski (CZ)ni uburyo bwiza bwo gukuramo ibintu byiza bya monocrystalline mu gishongesho. Ubu buryo bwatanzwe na Jan Czochralski mu 1917, buzwi kandi nkaGukurura Crystaluburyo.

Muri iki gihe, uburyo bwa CZ bukoreshwa cyane mu gutegura ibikoresho bitandukanye bya semiconductor. Dukurikije imibare ituzuye, hafi 98% by'ibice by'ikoranabuhanga bikozwe muri silicon monocrystalline, aho 85% by'ibi bice bikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa CZ.

Uburyo bwa CZ bukundwa cyane kubera ubwiza bwabwo bwiza bwa kristale, ingano igenzurwa, umuvuduko wo gukura vuba, ndetse n'umusaruro mwiza cyane. Ibi biranga silicon ya CZ monocrystalline ni yo ikundwa cyane mu guhaza ibyifuzo by'abahanga mu by'ikoranabuhanga.

Ihame ryo gukura rya siliconi ya CZ monocrystalline ni iri rikurikira:

Uburyo bwa CZ busaba ubushyuhe bwinshi, ifu, n'ahantu hafunze. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi muri ubu buryo niitanura rikuramo kristu, ibyo bikaba byoroshya ibi bihe.

Ishusho ikurikira igaragaza imiterere y'itanura rikuramo kristu.

Mu buryo bwa CZ, silikoni yuzuye ishyirwa mu cyuma gishongeshejwe, kigashonga, hanyuma ikimera cy’imbuto gishyirwa muri silikoni ishongeshejwe. Mu kugenzura neza ibipimo nk’ubushyuhe, umuvuduko wo gukurura, n’umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka kw’ikimera, atome cyangwa molekile ziri ku murongo wa selikoni y’imbuto na silikoni ishongeshejwe zikomeza kwiyubaka, zigakomera uko sisitemu ikonja kandi amaherezo zigakora selikoni imwe.

Ubu buryo bwo gukuramo kristalo butanga silikoni nziza cyane, ifite umurambararo munini ifite imiterere yihariye ya kristalo.

Uburyo bwo gukura bukubiyemo intambwe nyinshi z'ingenzi, harimo:

1. Gusenya no Gupakira: Gukuraho kristu no gusukura neza itanura n'ibice byaryo mu bihumanya nka quartz, grafiti, cyangwa indi myanda.

2. Gusukura no Gushonga: Sisitemu ijyanwa mu cyuma gifunze, hagakurikiraho gushyiramo gaze ya argon no gushyushya charge ya silikoni.

3. Gukurura Crystal: Imbuto ya kristu ishyirwa muri silikoni ishongeshejwe, kandi ubushyuhe bw'aho ihurira bugenzurwa neza kugira ngo habeho kristu ikwirakwira neza.

4. Kugenzura imiterere y'amagufwa n'umurambararo: Uko kristu ikura, umurambararo wayo ukurikiranwa neza kandi ugahindurwa kugira ngo ikure neza.

5. Irangira ry'Iterambere n'Ihagarikwa ry'Itanura: Iyo ingano ya kristu ikenewe imaze kugerwaho, itanura rirazimwa, maze kristu irakurwaho.

Intambwe zirambuye muri iki gikorwa zemeza ko hakozwe monocrystals nziza kandi zidafite inenge zikwiriye gukorwa muri semiconductor.

4. Imbogamizi mu musaruro wa Silicone ya Monocrystalline

Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye mu gukora monocrystals nini za semiconductor ni ukurwanya imbogamizi za tekiniki mu gihe cyo gukura, cyane cyane mu guhanura no kugenzura inenge za kristalo:

1. Ubwiza bwa monocrystal budahindagurika kandi nta musaruro uhagije ufite: Uko ingano ya monocrystals za silikoni yiyongera, niko imiterere y'ibidukikije bikura irushaho kwiyongera, bigatuma bigorana kugenzura ibintu nk'ubushyuhe, umuvuduko w'amazi, na rukuruzi. Ibi birushaho kugorana mu nshingano zo kugera ku bwiza buhamye no ku musaruro mwinshi.

2. Uburyo bwo kugenzura budahamye: Uburyo bwo gukura kwa monocrystal za silikoni zikozwe muri semiconductor buragoye cyane, aho imiterere myinshi ikora, bigatuma imiterere idahindagurika kandi bigatuma umusaruro uba muke. Ingamba zo kugenzura ubu zibanda cyane cyane ku bipimo bya kristu, mu gihe ubwiza bugihinduka hashingiwe ku bunararibonye bw'intoki, bigatuma bigorana kuzuza ibisabwa mu gukora micro na nano muri chips za IC.

Kugira ngo ibyo bibazo bikemuke, hakenewe cyane iterambere ry’uburyo bwo kugenzura no guhanura ubwiza bwa kristale mu buryo bwihuse, bukorwa mu buryo bwihuse, hamwe no kunoza uburyo bwo kugenzura kugira ngo habeho umusaruro uhamye kandi mwiza wa monocrystals nini zo gukoreshwa mu miyoboro ihuriweho.