Incamake Yuzuye ya Monocrystalline Silicon Uburyo bwo Gukura

Incamake Yuzuye ya Monocrystalline Silicon Uburyo bwo Gukura

1. Amavu n'amavuko ya Monocrystalline Iterambere rya Silicon

Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga hamwe no kwiyongera kw'ibicuruzwa bifite ubwenge buhanitse byarushijeho gushimangira umwanya w’ibanze w’inganda zuzuzanya (IC) mu iterambere ry’igihugu. Nka nkingi fatizo yinganda za IC, silicon semiconductor monocrystalline silicon igira uruhare runini mugutezimbere udushya twikoranabuhanga no kuzamuka mubukungu.

Dukurikije imibare yaturutse mu ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry’inganda zikoresha Semiconductor, isoko rya wafer ya semiconductor ku isi ryageze ku giciro cyo kugurisha kingana na miliyari 12,6 z’amadolari y’Amerika, aho ibicuruzwa byiyongereye bigera kuri miliyari 14.2. Byongeye kandi, icyifuzo cya wafer ya silicon gikomeje kwiyongera gahoro gahoro.

Nyamara, inganda za silicon wafer ku isi ziribanda cyane, hamwe nabatanga batanu ba mbere biganje hejuru ya 85% byimigabane yisoko, nkuko bigaragara hano:

• Shin-Etsu Chemical (Ubuyapani)

• SUMCO (Ubuyapani)

• Isi yose

• Siltronic (Ubudage)

• SK Siltron (Koreya y'Epfo)

Iyi oligopoly itera Ubushinwa gushingira cyane kuri wafer ya monocrystalline silicon yatumijwe mu mahanga, ibaye imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye zibuza iterambere ry’inganda z’umuzunguruko z’igihugu.

Kugira ngo dutsinde imbogamizi ziriho muri semiconductor silicon monocrystal inganda, gushora imari mubushakashatsi niterambere no gushimangira ubushobozi bwumusaruro wimbere mu gihugu ni amahitamo byanze bikunze.

2. Incamake yibikoresho bya Monocrystalline

Monocrystalline silicon niyo shingiro ryinganda zuzuzanya. Kugeza ubu, hejuru ya 90% ya chip ya IC nibikoresho bya elegitoronike bikozwe hifashishijwe silikoni ya monocrystalline nkibikoresho byibanze. Isoko ryinshi rya silikoni ya monocrystalline hamwe ninganda zinyuranye zikoreshwa mu nganda zishobora guterwa nimpamvu nyinshi:

1. Umutekano n’ibidukikije: Silicon ni nyinshi mubutaka bwisi, ntabwo ari uburozi, kandi bwangiza ibidukikije.

2. Amashanyarazi: Silicon isanzwe yerekana imiterere yumuriro wamashanyarazi, kandi iyo itunganijwe nubushyuhe, ikora urwego rukingira dioxyde de silicon, irinda neza gutakaza amashanyarazi.

3. Ikoranabuhanga rikura: Amateka maremare yiterambere ryikoranabuhanga mubikorwa byo gukura kwa silicon byatumye akora cyane kuruta ibindi bikoresho bya semiconductor.

Izi ngingo hamwe zigumisha silicon ya monocrystalline kumwanya wambere winganda, bigatuma idasimburwa nibindi bikoresho.

Kubireba imiterere ya kirisiti, silikoni ya monocrystalline ni ibikoresho bikozwe muri atome ya silicon itondekanye mumurongo wigihe, ikora imiterere ikomeza. Ni ishingiro ryinganda zikora chip.

Igishushanyo gikurikira cyerekana inzira yuzuye yo gutegura silikoni ya monocrystalline:

Incamake y'ibikorwa:
Monocrystalline silicon ikomoka mu bucukuzi bwa silicon binyuze mu ntambwe zo gutunganya. Ubwa mbere, haboneka silikoni ya polycrystalline, hanyuma igahinduka mo monocrystalline silicon ingot mu itanura rikura. Nyuma yaho, iracibwa, isukuye, kandi itunganyirizwa muri wafer ya silicon ikwiranye no gukora chip.

Wafer ya silicon isanzwe igabanijwemo ibyiciro bibiri:icyiciro cya Photovoltaicnaicyiciro cya kabiri. Ubu bwoko bubiri buratandukanye cyane muburyo bwimiterere, ubuziranenge, nubuziranenge bwubuso.

• Icyiciro cya kabiri cya wafersufite ubwiza buhebuje bugera kuri 99.999999999%, kandi birasabwa cyane kuba monocrystalline.

• Amafoto yo mu rwego rwa Photovoltaicni nkeya, hamwe nurwego rwubuziranenge ruri hagati ya 99,99% na 99.9999%, kandi ntufite ibyo bisabwa bikomeye kugirango ubuziranenge bwa kristu.

Mubyongeyeho, waferi yo mu rwego rwa semiconductor isaba uburinganire bwo hejuru no kugira isuku kuruta waferi yo mu rwego rwa Photovoltaque. Ibipimo bihanitse bya waferi ya semiconductor byongera ubunini bwimyiteguro yabo hamwe nagaciro gakurikira mubisabwa.

Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana ubwihindurize bwa wafer ya semiconductor wafer, yiyongereye kuva kuri santimetero 4 (100mm) na 6-santimetero (150mm) kugeza kuri santimetero 8 (200mm) na 12-cm (300mm).

Muburyo bwa silicon monocrystal itegura, ubunini bwa wafer buratandukana ukurikije ubwoko bwibisabwa hamwe nibiciro. Kurugero, chip yo kwibuka ikunze gukoresha wafer ya santimetero 12, mugihe ibikoresho byamashanyarazi bikunze gukoresha waferi-8.

Muri make, ubwihindurize bwubunini bwa wafer nigisubizo cyamategeko ya Moore hamwe nubukungu. Ingano nini ya wafer ituma imikurire ya silicon ikoreshwa cyane mugihe kimwe cyo gutunganya, kugabanya ibiciro byumusaruro mugihe ugabanya imyanda iva kumpera.

Nkibikoresho byingenzi mugutezimbere kwikoranabuhanga rigezweho, wafers ya semiconductor silicon, binyuze muburyo busobanutse nka Photolithography na ion implantation, ituma habaho gukora ibikoresho bitandukanye bya elegitoroniki, harimo ibyuma bikosora imbaraga nyinshi, transistor, transiporo ya bipolar, hamwe nibikoresho byo guhinduranya. Ibi bikoresho bigira uruhare runini mubice nkubwenge bwubuhanga, itumanaho rya 5G, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, interineti yibintu, hamwe nindege, bigize urufatiro rwiterambere ryubukungu bwigihugu no guhanga udushya.

3. Ikoranabuhanga rya Monocrystalline Silicon Ikura

UwitekaUburyo bwa Czochralski (CZ)ni inzira nziza yo gukuramo ibikoresho byiza byo mu bwoko bwa monocrystalline biva mu gushonga. Byasabwe na Jan Czochralski mu 1917, ubu buryo buzwi kandi nkaGukurura Crystalburyo.

Kugeza ubu, uburyo bwa CZ bukoreshwa cyane mugutegura ibikoresho bitandukanye bya semiconductor. Dukurikije imibare ituzuye, hafi 98% yibikoresho bya elegitoronike bikozwe muri silicon monocrystalline, hamwe 85% byibyo bikoresho byakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa CZ.

Uburyo bwa CZ butoneshwa kubera ubwiza buhebuje bwa kirisiti, ubunini bugenzurwa, umuvuduko wihuse, hamwe nubushobozi buhanitse. Ibiranga bituma silikoni ya CZ monocrystalline ibikoresho byatoranijwe kugirango byuzuze ubuziranenge, bunini cyane mu nganda za elegitoroniki.

Ihame ryo gukura rya CZ monocrystalline silicon niyi ikurikira:

Inzira ya CZ isaba ubushyuhe bwinshi, icyuho, hamwe nibidukikije bifunze. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi kuri iki gikorwa niitanura ryo gukura, byorohereza ibi bihe.

Igishushanyo gikurikira cyerekana imiterere y'itanura rikura.

Mubikorwa bya CZ, silikoni isukuye ishyirwa mubintu bikomeye, bishonga, hanyuma imbuto ya kirisiti yinjizwa muri silikoni yashongeshejwe. Mugucunga neza ibipimo nkubushyuhe, igipimo cyo gukurura, numuvuduko ukabije wo kuzunguruka, atome cyangwa molekile kumurongo wimbuto ya kirisiti hamwe na silikoni yashongeshejwe ikomeza gutunganya, gukomera nkuko sisitemu ikonje kandi amaherezo ikora kristu imwe.

Ubu buryo bwo gukura bwa kristu butanga ubuziranenge bwo hejuru, diameter nini ya monocrystalline silicon hamwe nicyerekezo cyihariye cya kristu.

Inzira yo gukura ikubiyemo intambwe nyinshi zingenzi, harimo:

1. Gusenya no Kuremera: Kuraho kristu no guhanagura neza itanura nibigize ibintu byanduye nka quartz, grafite, cyangwa ibindi byanduye.

2. Icyuho no gushonga: Sisitemu yimuwe mu cyuho, hakurikiraho kwinjiza gaze ya argon no gushyushya umuriro wa silicon.

3. Gukurura Crystal: Imbuto ya kirisiti yamanuwe muri silikoni yashongeshejwe, kandi ubushyuhe bwimbere bugenzurwa neza kugirango habeho kristu.

4. Igitugu na Diameter Igenzura: Mugihe kristu ikura, diameter yayo ikurikiranwa neza kandi igahinduka kugirango ikure neza.

5. Iherezo ryikura hamwe no kuzimya itanura: Iyo ingano ya kirisiti yifuzwa imaze kugerwaho, itanura rirafungwa, hanyuma kristu ikurwaho.

Intambwe zirambuye muriki gikorwa zemeza ko hashyizweho monocrystal nziza-nziza, idafite inenge ikwiranye no gukora igice cya kabiri.

4. Imbogamizi mu musaruro wa Silicon Monocrystalline

Imwe mu mbogamizi nyamukuru mugukora monocrystal nini ya diameter nini ya diametre ni ugutsinda inzitizi za tekiniki mugihe cyo gukura, cyane cyane mu guhanura no kugenzura inenge za kirisiti:

1. Ubwiza bwa Monocrystal budahuye kandi butanga umusaruro muke: Mugihe ingano ya monocrystal ya silicon yiyongera, ibintu bigoye byikura ryiyongera, bigatuma bigorana kugenzura ibintu nkubushyuhe bwumuriro, imigezi, hamwe na magneti. Ibi bigora umurimo wo kugera ku bwiza buhoraho no gutanga umusaruro mwinshi.

2. Igenzura ridahinduka: Inzira yo gukura ya semiconductor silicon monocrystal iragoye cyane, hamwe nimirima myinshi yumubiri ikorana, bigatuma igenzura ridahinduka kandi biganisha kumusaruro muke. Ingamba zo kugenzura zirimo kwibanda cyane cyane ku bipimo bya macroscopique ya kristu, mu gihe ubuziranenge buracyahindurwa hashingiwe ku bunararibonye bw'intoki, bigatuma bigorana kuzuza ibisabwa mu guhimba micro na nano muri chip ya IC.

Kugira ngo ibyo bibazo bikemuke, hakenewe byihutirwa iterambere ryigihe, kugenzura kumurongo hamwe nuburyo bwo guhanura ubuziranenge bwa kristu, hamwe nogutezimbere uburyo bwo kugenzura kugirango habeho umusaruro uhamye, wujuje ubuziranenge bwa monocrystal nini kugirango ukoreshwe mumuzunguruko.