Amabuye y'agaciro imwe ni make cyane, kandi nubwo abaho, akenshi aba ari magufi cyane—ubusanzwe ku gipimo cya milimetero (mm)—kandi biragoye kuyabona. Diyama, emerald, agate, nibindi bivugwa, muri rusange ntabwo byinjira ku isoko, ndetse n'ikoreshwa mu nganda; inyinshi muri zo zigaragara mu ngoro ndangamurage kugira ngo zimurikwe. Ariko, amwe mu mabuye y'agaciro afite agaciro gakomeye mu nganda, nka silikoni imwe mu nganda zikora ibikoresho bya "integrated circuit", safiro ikunze gukoreshwa mu mboni z'amatara, na silikoni karubide, irimo kwiyongera mu byuma bya semiconductor byo mu gisekuru cya gatatu. Ubushobozi bwo gukora aya mabuye y'agaciro menshi mu nganda ntabwo bugaragaza gusa imbaraga mu ikoranabuhanga ry'inganda n'ubumenyi ahubwo ni n'ikimenyetso cy'ubukire. Igisabwa cy'ingenzi kugira ngo kristu imwe ikoreshwe mu nganda ni ingano nini, kuko ibi ari ingenzi mu kugabanya ibiciro neza. Hasi hari amwe mu mabuye y'agaciro akunze kuboneka ku isoko:
1. Ikirahure kimwe cya Safiro
Kristale imwe ya safiro yerekeza kuri α-Al₂O₃, ifite sisitemu ya kristu ifite impande esheshatu, ubukana bwa Mohs bwa 9, n'imiterere ihamye ya shimi. Ntishobora gushonga mu bintu bihumanya cyangwa byangiza, irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kohereza urumuri, imikorere y'ubushyuhe, ndetse n'uburyo bwo gukingira amashanyarazi.
Iyo ioni za Al muri kristu zisimbuwe na ioni za Ti na Fe, kristu isa n'ubururu yitwa safiro. Iyo isimbuwe na ioni za Cr, isa n'umutuku yitwa rubiro. Ariko, safiro y'inganda ni α-Al₂O₃ yonyine, nta ibara kandi ibonerana, nta mwanda.
Ubusanzwe, safiro ikoreshwa mu nganda ifata ishusho ya wafer, ifite ubugari bwa μm 400–700 n'umurambararo wa santimetero 4–8. Izi zizwi nka wafer kandi zicibwa mu tuntu duto twa kristu. Hasi aha hari ingot iherutse gukururwa iva mu itanura rimwe rya kristu, itaratunganywa cyangwa ngo iciwe.
Mu 2018, ikigo cya Jinghui Electronic Company cyo muri Mongoliya cyashoboye gukura neza kristu nini cyane ku isi ifite ibiro 450 bya safiro. kristu nini cyane ya mbere ku isi yari kristu ifite ibiro 350 yakorewe mu Burusiya. Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho, iyi kristu ifite imiterere isanzwe, irabagirana neza, nta myenge cyangwa imbibi z'ibinyampeke, kandi ifite utubuto duke.
2. Silikoni imwe y'ikirahure
Muri iki gihe, silikoni imwe ikoreshwa mu gukora utubumbe tw’urukiramende twinjijwemo ifite ubuziranenge buri hagati ya 99.999999% na 99.999999999% (9–11 nines), kandi ingot ya silikoni ifite ibiro 420 igomba kugumana imiterere itunganye nk'iya diyama. Muri kamere, ndetse na diyama ya karati imwe (200 mg) ni gake cyane.
Umusaruro ku isi w’ingots za silikoni imwe gusa wiganjemo amasosiyete atanu akomeye: Shin-Etsu yo mu Buyapani (28.0%), SUMCO yo mu Buyapani (21.9%), GlobalWafers yo muri Tayiwani (15.1%), SK Siltron yo muri Koreya y'Epfo (11.6%), na Siltronic yo mu Budage (11.3%). Ndetse n’inganda nini cyane mu Bushinwa, NSIG, ifite gusa 2.3% by’isoko. Nyamara, nk’inshya, ubushobozi bwayo ntibukwiye gusuzugurwa. Muri 2024, NSIG irateganya gushora imari mu mushinga wo kuvugurura umusaruro wa silikoni wa mm 300 ku nsinga zifatanye, hamwe n’ishoramari ringana na miliyari 13.2 z’amasegonda.
Nk'ibikoresho fatizo byo gukora ifiriti, ifiriti za silikoni imwe zifite ubuziranenge bwinshi ziri kuva kuri santimetero 100 kugera kuri santimetero 100. Inganda mpuzamahanga zikora ifiriti zikomeye, nka TSMC na GlobalFoundries, zikora ifiriti zivuye kuri ifiriti za silikoni zifite ubugari bwa santimetero 100, mu gihe ifiriti za santimetero 100 zigenda zikurwaho buhoro buhoro. SMIC iyoboye mu gihugu iracyakoresha ifiriti za santimetero 100. Kuri ubu, SUMCO yo mu Buyapani ni yo yonyine ishobora gukora ifiriti za santimetero 100 zifite ubuziranenge bwinshi.
3. Gallium Arsenide
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafers ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi bya semiconductor, kandi ingano yazo ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu gutegura.
Muri iki gihe, wafer za GaAs zikunze gukorwa mu bunini bwa santimetero 2, santimetero 3, santimetero 4, santimetero 6, santimetero 8, na santimetero 12. Muri zo, wafer za santimetero 6 ni zimwe mu zikoreshwa cyane.
Ubugari ntarengwa bwa kristu imwe ihingwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa Horizontal Bridgman (HB) muri rusange ni santimetero 3, mu gihe uburyo bwa Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) bushobora gukora kristu imwe ifite umurambararo wa santimetero 12. Ariko, gukura kwa LEC bisaba ikiguzi kinini cy'ibikoresho kandi bigatanga kristu zifite ubugari budahuye kandi bufite umubyimba mwinshi. Uburyo bwa Vertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) na Vertical Bridgman (VB) bushobora gukora kristu imwe ifite umurambararo wa santimetero 20, ifite imiterere imwe kandi ifite ubucucike buke bwo gutandukana.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora imashini za GaAs zikozwe muri santimetero 4 na santimetero 6 rikoreshwa cyane cyane n’ibigo bitatu: Sumitomo Electric Industries zo mu Buyapani, Freiberger Compound Materials zo mu Budage, na AXT yo muri Amerika. Mu 2015, imashini za santimetero 6 zari zimaze kurenga 90% by’isoko.
Mu 2019, isoko mpuzamahanga rya GaAs ryari ryiganjemo Freiberger, Sumitomo, na Beijing Tongmei, aho isoko ryari 28%, 21%, na 13%, uko bikurikirana. Dukurikije ibipimo byatanzwe n'ikigo cy'ubujyanama cya Yole, ku isi hose hagurishijwe substrates za GaAs (zahinduwe mu bipimo bya santimetero 2) byageze ku bice bigera kuri miliyoni 20 mu 2019 kandi biteganijwe ko bizarenga ibice miliyoni 35 mu 2025. Isoko mpuzamahanga rya GaAs substrates ryari rifite agaciro ka miliyoni 200 z'amadolari mu 2019 kandi biteganijwe ko rizagera kuri miliyoni 348 z'amadolari mu 2025, hamwe n'igipimo cy'izamuka ry'ibiciro ku mwaka (CAGR) cya 9.67% kuva mu 2019 kugeza mu 2025.
4. Silicon Carbide Single Crystal
Kuri ubu, isoko rishobora gushyigikira byimazeyo iterambere rya kristu imwe ya santimetero 2 na santimetero 3 z'umurambararo wa silicon carbide (SiC) kristu imwe. Ibigo byinshi byatangaje ko kristu imwe ya santimetero 4 z'ubwoko bwa 4H SiC kristu imwe yazamutse neza, ibi bikaba bigaragaza ko Ubushinwa bwageze ku rwego rwo hejuru ku isi mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gukura kwa kristu ya SiC. Ariko, haracyari icyuho kinini mbere yo gucuruzwa.
Muri rusange, ingots za SiC zihingwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa liquid-phase ni ntoya, zifite ubunini buri ku rwego rwa santimetero. Iyi ni nayo mpamvu ituma igiciro cya wafers za SiC kizamuka cyane.
XKH yibanda ku bushakashatsi no gutunganya ibikoresho bya semiconductor by’ingenzi, harimo safiro, silicon carbide (SiC), silicon wafers, na ceramics, bikubiyemo uruhererekane rw’agaciro kuva ku gukura kwa kristu kugeza ku gutunganya neza. Dukoresheje ubushobozi bw’inganda buhuriweho, dutanga silicon wafers zikora neza, silicon carbide substrates, na silicon wafers zisukuye cyane, zishyigikiwe n’ibisubizo byabugenewe nko gukata ibintu ku giti cyabyo, gusiga hejuru, no gukora geometry igoye kugirango duhuze n’ibikenewe cyane mu bijyanye n’ibidukikije muri sisitemu za laser, gukora semiconductors, no gukoresha ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa.
Dukurikije amahame y’ubuziranenge, ibicuruzwa byacu bifite ubuziranenge bwa micron, ubushyuhe butuje >1500°C, kandi birwanya ingese cyane, bitanga icyizere mu gihe ibikorwa bikonje. Byongeye kandi, dutanga substrates za quartz, ibikoresho by’icyuma/bitarimo ibyuma, n’ibindi bice by’urwego rwa semiconductor, bigatuma abakiriya mu nganda zitandukanye bahinduka neza kuva ku gukora prototyping kugeza ku gukora ibintu byinshi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-29-2025