Ku wa gatatu, Perezida Biden yatangaje amasezerano yo guha Intel inkunga itaziguye ya miliyari 8.5 z'amadolari na miliyari 11 z'amadolari y'Amerika nk'uko biteganywa n'Itegeko rya CHIPS na Science. Intel izakoresha iyi nkunga ku bigo byayo bya fabrics muri Arizona, Ohio, New Mexico, na Oregon. Nk'uko byatangajwe mu nkuru yacu yo mu Ukuboza 2023, Itegeko rya CHIPS ritanga inkunga ya miliyari 52.7 z'amadolari ku nganda za semiconductor zo muri Amerika, harimo na miliyari 39 z'amadolari mu nganda zitanga inkunga. Mbere yuko Intel ihabwa, Itegeko rya CHIPS ryari ryaramaze gutanga miliyari 1.7 z'amadolari kuri GlobalFoundries, Microchip Technology, na BAE Systems, nk'uko bitangazwa n'Ishyirahamwe ry'Inganda za Semiconductor (SIA).
Intambwe ku nkunga iteganywa n'Itegeko rya CHIPS yagabanutse, aho igabanywa rya mbere ryatangajwe nyuma y'umwaka urenga rimaze kwemezwa. Bitewe n'uko itangwa ry'amafaranga rigenda rigabanuka, imishinga imwe n'imwe minini y'ibikoresho bya semiconductor muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yatinze gutinda. TSMC yanagaragaje ingorane mu kubona abakozi b'ubwubatsi babishoboye. Intel yavuze ko gutinda kwatewe n'igabanuka ry'ibiciro ku isoko.
Ibindi bihugu nabyo byatanze inkunga yo guteza imbere umusaruro w’ibikoresho bya semiconductor. Muri Nzeri 2023, Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi watoye Itegeko ry’Uburayi rya Chips, rigena miliyari 430 z’amayero (hafi miliyari 470 z’amadolari) mu ishoramari rya leta n’iry’abikorera ku giti cyabo ku nganda za semiconductor. Mu Gushyingo 2023, Ubuyapani bwatanze tiriyari 2 z’amayero (hafi miliyari 13 z’amadolari) ku nganda za semiconductor. Tayiwani yashyizeho itegeko muri Mutarama 2024 ryo gutanga inkunga y’imisoro ku bigo bya semiconductor. Muri Werurwe 2023, Koreya y’Epfo yatoye itegeko ryo gutanga inkunga y’imisoro ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, harimo n’ibikoresho bya semiconductor. Biteganijwe ko Ubushinwa buzashyiraho ikigega giterwa inkunga na leta kingana na miliyari 40 z’amadolari kugira ngo gitere inkunga inganda za semiconductor.
Ni ibihe biteganyijwe ku ikoreshwa ry’imari shingiro mu nganda zikoresha ibikoresho bya semiconductor (CapEx) muri uyu mwaka? Itegeko rya CHIPS rigamije gushishikariza ikoreshwa ry’imari shingiro, ariko ingaruka nyinshi ntizizagaragara kugeza nyuma ya 2024. Umwaka ushize, isoko ry’ibikoresho bya semiconductor ryagabanutseho 8.2%, bituma amasosiyete menshi afata uburyo bwo kwitonda mu ikoreshwa ry’imari shingiro mu 2024. Tuvuga ko CapEx yose ya semiconductor mu 2023 yari miliyari 169 z’amadolari, igabanuka rya 7% ugereranije na 2022. Tuvuga ko CapEx izagabanukaho 2% muri 2024.
Kubera ko isoko ry’ububiko bw’amakuru rigiye kuzamuka ndetse n’ubwiyongere bw’ibikenewe bivuye kuri porogaramu nshya nka “artificial intelligence”, ibigo bikomeye by’ububiko byitezweho kongera amafaranga akoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga mu 2024. Samsung irateganya gukomeza gukoresha amafaranga mu buryo busanzwe mu 2024 kugeza kuri miliyari 37 z’amadolari y’Amerika ariko ntiyagabanyije amafaranga akoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga mu 2023. Micron Technology na SK Hynix byagabanyije cyane amafaranga akoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga mu 2023 kandi biteganya kwiyongera inshuro ebyiri mu 2024.
Uruganda runini rw’ibyuma, TSMC, rurateganya gukoresha miliyari 28 z’amadolari kugeza kuri miliyari 32 z’amadolari mu 2024, rufite impuzandengo ya miliyari 30 z’amadolari, igabanuka rya 6% ugereranije n’umwaka wa 2023. SMIC irateganya gukomeza gukoresha imari mu buryo butajegajega, mu gihe UMC iteganya kwiyongeraho 10%. GlobalFoundries iteganya kugabanukaho 61% mu gukoresha imari mu 2024 ariko izongera amafaranga mu myaka mike iri imbere hamwe no kubaka ubucuruzi bushya muri Malta, New York.
Mu bahanga mu gukora ibikoresho bihujwe (IDMs), Intel irateganya kongera amafaranga akoreshwa mu bikorwa by’imari ku kigero cya 2% mu 2024 akagera kuri miliyari 26.2 z'amadolari y'Amerika. Intel izongera ubushobozi bw'abakiriya b'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi ndetse n'ibicuruzwa by'imbere mu gihugu. Amafaranga akoreshwa mu bikorwa by'imari muri Texas Instruments aracyari make cyane. TI irateganya gukoresha amafaranga agera kuri miliyari 5 z'amadolari ku mwaka kugeza mu 2026, cyane cyane kubera ikoranabuhanga ryayo rishya i Sherman, muri Texas. STMicroelectronics izagabanya amafaranga akoreshwa mu bikorwa by'imari ku kigero cya 39%, mu gihe Infineon Technologies izagabanukaho 3%.
Samsung, TSMC, na Intel, ibigo bitatu bikoresha amafaranga menshi, byitezwe ko bizaba bifite 57% by'imari shingiro ikoreshwa mu nganda za semiconductor bitarenze umwaka wa 2024.
Ni uruhe rwego rukwiye rw'ikoreshwa ry'imari n'ibikoresho ugereranije n'isoko rya semiconductor? Ihindagurika ry'isoko rya semiconductor rirazwi cyane. Mu myaka 40 ishize, igipimo cy'izamuka ry'ubukungu buri mwaka cyagabanutse kuva kuri 46% mu 1984 kigera kuri 32% mu 2001. Nubwo ihindagurika ry'inganda ryagabanutse uko imyaka igenda ishira, igipimo cy'izamuka ryazo cyageze kuri 26% mu myaka itanu ishize. Byagabanutseho 12% mu 2021 na 12% mu 2019. Ibigo bikora semiconductors bigomba guteganya ubushobozi bwabyo mu myaka iri imbere. Kubaka ikoranabuhanga rishya akenshi bifata imyaka ibiri, hagakenerwa igihe cy'inyongera cyo gutegura no gutera inkunga. Kubera iyo mpamvu, igipimo cy'ikoreshwa ry'imari n'ibikoresho bya semiconductor ku isoko rya semiconductor kiratandukanye cyane, nk'uko bigaragara hano hepfo.
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Igipimo cy'amafaranga akoreshwa mu migabane ya semiconductor ugereranyije n'ingano y'isoko cyavuye kuri 34% kigera kuri 12%. Igipimo cy'imyaka itanu kiri hagati ya 28% na 18%. Mu gihe cyose kuva mu 1980 kugeza 2023, amafaranga akoreshwa mu migabane yageze kuri 23% by'isoko rya semiconductor. Nubwo hari impinduka, icyerekezo cy'igihe kirekire cy'iki gipimo kiracyari kimwe. Dushingiye ku iterambere rikomeye ryitezwe ku isoko no kugabanuka kw'amafaranga akoreshwa mu migabane, twiteze ko iki gipimo kizagabanuka kiva kuri 32% muri 2023 kigera kuri 27% muri 2024.
Ibyinshi mu biteganyijwe bigaragaza ko isoko ry’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bizamuka hagati ya 13% na 20% mu 2024. Ubutasi bwacu bw’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi buteganya ko rizazamukaho 18%. Niba 2024 ikora neza nk'uko byari byitezwe, amasosiyete ashobora kongera gahunda zayo zo gukoresha imari shingiro uko igihe kigenda gihita. Dushobora kwitega kubona impinduka nziza mu gukoresha imari shingiro y’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bikoresha imari shingiro mu 2024.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mata-08-2024