Mu buzima bwa buri munsi, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga nka telefoni zigendanwa na za smartwatch byahindutse inshuti z'ingenzi. Ibi bikoresho birimo kugenda birushaho kuba bito ariko bikagira imbaraga nyinshi. Ese wigeze wibaza icyabituma bikomeza guhinduka? Igisubizo kiri mu bikoresho bya semiconductor, kandi uyu munsi, twibanda kuri kimwe mu bidasanzwe muri byo - kristalo ya safiro.
Kristale ya safiro, igizwe ahanini na α-Al₂O₃, igizwe na atome eshatu za ogisijeni na atome ebyiri za aluminiyumu zifatanye, zigakora imiterere ya sitasiyo ya hexagonal. Nubwo isa na safiro y'agaciro, kristu za safiro zo mu nganda zishimangira imikorere myiza cyane. Kubera ko idakora neza, ntishongeshwa mu mazi kandi ntirwanya aside na alkali, ikora nk' "uburinzi bwa shimi" bukomeza gutuza mu bidukikije bikomeye. Byongeye kandi, igaragaza ubwiza bw'urumuri, yemerera kohereza urumuri neza; ubwikorezi bukomeye bw'ubushyuhe, ikarinda ubushyuhe bwinshi; kandi ikarinda ubushyuhe bwinshi, ikarinda gushyuha cyane; kandi ikagira ubushobozi bwo gukingira amashanyarazi, ikarinda kohereza ibimenyetso mu buryo buhamye nta gusohoka. Mu buryo bwa mashini, safiro ifite ubukana bwa Mohs bwa 9, ikaba iya kabiri nyuma ya diyama, bigatuma idasaza cyane kandi idatwarwa n'isuri - ikaba nziza cyane mu bikorwa bigoye.
Intwaro y'ibanga mu gukora imashini zikora amamashini
(1) Ibikoresho by'ingenzi bya Chips zikoresha ingufu nke
Uko ikoranabuhanga rigenda rirushaho kuba rito cyane kandi rikora neza, utumashini dukoresha ingufu nkeya twarushijeho kuba ingenzi. Utumashini dusanzwe duhura n’ikibazo cyo kwangirika kw’ubushyuhe mu buryo bukabije, bigatuma amazi ava mu kirere, ingufu zikoreshwa cyane, ndetse no gushyuha cyane, ibyo bigatuma habaho kudahungabana no kuramba.
Abashakashatsi bo mu Ishuri Rikuru rya Shanghai ry’Ikoranabuhanga riciriritse n’Itumanaho (SIMIT), Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubumenyi ry’Abashinwa, bakoze utubumbe twa sapphire dukozwe mu buryo bw’ubukorano tw’amashanyarazi hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya oxidation ry’icyuma, bahindura aluminiyumu imwe ya kristale muri aluminiyumu imwe ya kristale (sapphire). Ku bugari bwa nanometero 1, iki gikoresho kigaragaza umuyoboro muto cyane w’amazi, urusha dielectric zisanzwe zidafite isura ku buryo bubiri mu kugabanya ubucucike bwa leta no kunoza ubwiza bw’aho ukorera hamwe na semiconductors za 2D. Kubihuza n’ibikoresho bya 2D bituma utubumbe dukoresha ingufu nkeya, bikongera cyane igihe cyo kumara bateri muri telefoni zigezweho kandi bikongera ubuziranenge mu gukoresha AI na IoT.
(2) Umufatanyabikorwa mwiza wa Gallium Nitride (GaN)
Mu rwego rwa semiconductor, gallium nitride (GaN) yagaragaye nk'inyenyeri irabagirana bitewe n'ibyiza byayo bidasanzwe. Nk'igikoresho cya semiconductor gifite umupaka munini gifite umupaka wa 3.4 eV—kiruta cyane 1.1 eV ya silikoni—GaN irahebuje mu gukoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi, voltage nyinshi, na frequency nyinshi. Igenda ryayo rya electron nyinshi hamwe n'imbaraga zayo zo kwangirika cyane bituma iba ibikoresho byiza ku bikoresho bya elegitoroniki bifite ingufu nyinshi, ubushyuhe bwinshi, frequency nyinshi, kandi bifite urumuri rwinshi. Mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki bikoresha ingufu nyinshi, ibikoresho bishingiye kuri GaN bikora ku mupaka mwinshi kandi bikoresha ingufu nke, bitanga imikorere myiza mu guhindura ingufu no gucunga ingufu. Mu itumanaho rya mikoroonde, GaN ikoresha ibikoresho bifite ingufu nyinshi, frequency nyinshi nka 5G power amplifier, yongera ubwiza n'ubudahangarwa.
Kristale ya safiro ifatwa nk' "umufatanyabikorwa mwiza" wa GaN. Nubwo idafite aho ihuriye na GaN kurusha iya silikoni carbide (SiC), substrates za safiro zigaragaza ko ubushyuhe budahuye neza mu gihe cya GaN epitaxy, bitanga ishingiro rihamye ryo gukura kwa GaN. Byongeye kandi, ubushobozi bwiza bwo gutwara ubushyuhe bwa safiro no kubona urumuri byorohereza gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe neza mu bikoresho bya GaN bifite ingufu nyinshi, bishimangira ko imikorere ihamye kandi urumuri rutanga umusaruro mwiza. Imiterere yayo myiza yo gukingira amashanyarazi igabanya cyane uburyo ibimenyetso bibangamirana no gutakaza ingufu. Guhuza safiro na GaN byatumye habaho iterambere ry'ibikoresho bikora neza, harimo na LED zishingiye kuri GaN, zigenga amasoko y'urumuri n'amatara - kuva ku matara ya LED yo mu rugo kugeza ku mashusho manini yo hanze - ndetse na diode za laser zikoreshwa mu itumanaho ry'urumuri no gutunganya neza laser.
Umugati wa XKH wa GaN-on-safiro
Kwagura Imbibi za Porogaramu za Semiconductor
(1) "Ingabo" mu bikorwa bya gisirikare n'iby'indege
Ibikoresho mu gisirikare no mu kirere akenshi bikora mu bihe bikomeye cyane. Mu kirere, ibyogajuru bihangana n'ubushyuhe bugera kuri zeru, imirasire ikomeye y'ikirere, ndetse n'ibibazo byo mu kirere gishyushye. Hagati aho, indege za gisirikare zihura n'ubushyuhe burenze 1.000°C bitewe n'ubushyuhe bw'ikirere mu gihe cyo kuguruka ku muvuduko mwinshi, hamwe n'imitwaro myinshi ya mekanike n'ingaruka za electromagnetic.
Imiterere yihariye ya kristale ya Safira ituma iba ibikoresho byiza cyane ku bice by'ingenzi muri ibi bice. Irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane—ihangana na dogere selisiyusi 2,045 mu gihe ikomeza imiterere yayo—ituma ikora neza mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe. Ubukana bwayo bw'imirasire butuma kandi ikomeza gukora neza mu bidukikije byo mu kirere no mu kirere, ikingira neza ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byoroshye. Ibi byatumye safiro ikoreshwa cyane mu madirishya ya infrared (IR). Mu buryo bwo kuyobora ibisasu bya misile, amadirishya ya IR agomba kugumana ubwiza bw'urumuri mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko kugira ngo hamenyekane neza intego. Amadirishya ya IR ashingiye kuri safira ahuza ubushyuhe bwinshi n'uburyo bwo kohereza IR, binoza cyane uburyo bwo kuyobora. Mu kirere, safiro irinda sisitemu za optique za satelite, bigatuma hafatwa amashusho meza mu bihe bikomeye byo mu kirere.
XKH'samadirishya ya safiro
(2) Umuryango Mushya w’Abakora Superconductors na Microelectronics
Mu bijyanye no gutwara ibintu mu buryo buhanitse, safiro ikora nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi mu gutwara ibintu mu buryo buhanitse, bituma habaho gutwara ibintu mu buryo butari bwo—bihindura uburyo bwo kohereza ingufu, gari ya moshi za maglev, na sisitemu za MRI. Filimi zikora ibintu bihanitse zisaba ibintu bifite imiterere ihamye, kandi guhuza kwa safiro n'ibikoresho nka magnesium diboride (MgB₂) bituma filime zikura zifite ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi bukomeye n'imbaraga za rukuruzi zikomeye. Urugero, insinga z'amashanyarazi zikoresha filime zikora ibintu bihanitse zishyigikiwe na safiro zirushaho kunoza imikorere y'itumanaho binyuze mu kugabanya igihombo cy'ingufu.
Mu byuma bito by'ikoranabuhanga, ibikoresho bya safiro bifite icyerekezo cyihariye cya crystallographic—nk'ikitwa R-plane (<1-102>) na A-plane (<11-20>)—bifasha urwego rwa silicon epitaxial rwagenewe circuits zigezweho (ICs). Sapphire ya R-plane igabanya inenge za crystal muri IC zihuta cyane, bikongera umuvuduko n'ituze mu mikorere, mu gihe imiterere ya A-plane ya safiro hamwe n'uburyo bwo kwakira ibintu kimwe bifasha ikoranabuhanga rya microelectronics rivanze hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ibi bikoresho bishyigikira utubumbe tw'ibanze mu bikorwa remezo bya mudasobwa n'itumanaho bifite imikorere myiza.
XKH'sAWafer ya lN-on-NPSS
Ahazaza ha Sapphire Crystal muri Semiconductors
Safira imaze kugaragaza agaciro gakomeye muri semiconductors, kuva ku gukora chips kugeza ku byuma bitwara indege na superconductors. Uko ikoranabuhanga rigenda ritera imbere, uruhare rwayo ruzakomeza kwaguka. Mu bwenge bw'ubukorano, chips zishyigikiwe na safifira zifite ingufu nke kandi zikora neza zizatuma habaho iterambere rya AI mu buvuzi, ubwikorezi, n'imari. Mu kubara kwa quantum, imiterere y'ibikoresho bya safifira ibishyira mu mwanya mwiza wo guhuza qubit. Hagati aho, ibikoresho bya GaN-on-safira bizahura n'ibikenewe cyane ku bikoresho by'itumanaho bya 5G/6G. Mu gihe kizaza, safifira izakomeza kuba inkingi y'ifatizo mu guhanga udushya muri semiconductors, ikongera imbaraga mu iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'abantu.
Umugati wa XKH wa GaN-on-sapphire epitaxial wafer
XKH itanga amadirishya ya safiro akozwe neza cyane hamwe n'ibisubizo bya GaN-on-saphire wafer mu bikorwa bigezweho. Dukoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya kristale rigezweho ryo gukura no gutunganya neza, dutanga amadirishya ya safiro arambuye cyane afite ubushobozi bwo kohereza ibintu biva kuri UV bijya kuri IR spectra, akaba ari meza cyane mu kirere, mu kurinda no gukoresha laser ifite imbaraga nyinshi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 18 Mata 2025